“The De-Darwinizing of Cultural Change” By Daniel C. Dennett

Interesting talk on how much Darwinian evolution plays its part in our lives and when De-Darwinism starts. (Posted By F. Sheikh )

You can’t explain human competence all in terms of genetic evolution. You need cultural evolution as well, and that cultural evolution is profoundly Darwinian in the early days. And as time has passed, it has become more and more non-Darwinian.

I have an example that I use when I’m writing about this, well, two examples: One is Turing’s computer. If there ever was a top-down design, that’s it. I mean, they would not have given him the money to build the Manchester Computer if he didn’t have proof of concept and drawings. This was the idea, the understanding preceding the physical reality. Just the opposite of, say, a termite colony, which is bottom-up designed, and although it’s brilliantly designed, it’s a product of little entities that are themselves non-comprehending but very competent in very limited ways.

Think for a moment about a termite colony or an ant colony—amazingly competent in many ways, we can do all sorts of things, treat the whole entity as a sort of cognitive agent and it accomplishes all sorts of quite impressive behavior. But if I ask you, “What is it like to be a termite colony?” most people would say, “It’s not like anything.” Well, now let’s look at a brain, let’s look at a human brain—100 billion neurons, roughly speaking, and each one of them is dumber than a termite and they’re all sort of semi-independent. If you stop and think about it, they’re all direct descendants of free-swimming unicellular organisms that fended for themselves for a billion years on their own. There’s a lot of competence, a lot of can-do in their background, in their ancestry. Now they’re trapped in the skull and they may well have agendas of their own; they have competences of their own, no two are alike. Now the question is, how is a brain inside a head any more integrated, any more capable of there being something that it’s like to be that than a termite colony? What can we do with our brains that the termite colony couldn’t do or maybe that many animals couldn’t do?

It seems to me that we do actually know some of the answer, and it has to do with mainly what Fiery Cushman was talking about—it’s the importance of the cultural niche and the cognitive niche, and in particular I would say you couldn’t have the cognitive niche without the cultural niche because it depends on the cultural niche.

What I’m working on these days is to try to figure out—in a very speculative way, but as anchored as I can to whatever people think they know right now about the relevant fields—how culture could prune, tame, organize, structure brains to make language possible and then to make higher cognition (than reason, and so forth) possible on top of that. If you ask the chicken-egg question—which came first—did we first get real smart so that now we could have culture? Or did we get culture and that enabled us to become smart? The answer to that is yes, it’s both, it’s a co-evolutionary process.

What particularly interests me about that is I am now thinking about culture and its role in creating the human mind as a process, which begins very Darwinian and becomes less Darwinian as time goes by. This is the de-Darwinizing of cultural change in the world.

http://edge.org/panel/daniel-c-dennett-the-de-darwinizing-of-cultural-change-headcon-13-part-x

Human Rights Vs Natural Rights By Jon Holbrook

Nowadays, people claim a human right to many things. Prisoners claim a human right to vote. Convicted immigrants resisting deportation claim a human right to family life. Victims claim a human right to damages. Travellers claim a human right to roam. Benefit claimants claim a human right to welfare. The ill and infirm claim a human right to medical and social assistance. I could go on. Today, it’s fair to say that somebody wanting something can usually frame its receipt as the performance of a human right.

The essence of these human-rights claims is an assertion that the claimant has alegal right to something from the state. Whether each claim is meritorious is neither here nor there; what matters is that the claim is made on the basis of there being a human right to it. This human-rights discourse is of a recent vintage and gained currency during and after the Second World War with the publication of Hersch Lauterpacht’s influential book, An International Bill of the Rights of Man(1945), the adoption by the United Nations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950).

Although the human-rights discourse was in abeyance for several decades after the Second World War, it has come to the fore of legal and political thinking in recent years. In 1998, the UK Human Rights Act was passed by the Labour government with cross-party support. Even now, for all the gnashing of teeth by the Conservatives over decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Conservatives remain committed to the human-rights discourse; it’s just that they prefer the British to the European version. Damian Green, UK police and criminal-justice minister, recently observed that ‘there is absolutely a Conservative case for human rights’. And he directed his ire at those who seek to question the worth of human rights: ‘The whole political spectrum in this country believes in human rights. This should not be a political issue in a country like Britain.’

The consensus over human rights needs interrogating because Conservative Eurosceptic arguments over the European Convention on Human Rights are apt to confuse rather than clarify. Similarly, the Labour Party’s ‘unswerving support for the Human Rights Act’ as being ‘core to what we believe in as a party’ is usually justified with unhelpful tub thumping and a nationalistic massaging of history. So,Sadiq Khan, Labour’s shadow justice secretary, states that he is ‘enormously proud of how [human rights have] improved countless people’s lives in this country and protected hundreds of millions of citizens across Europe’. And he claims that ‘human rights are an ancient British tradition’ that dates back 800 years to Magna Carta, ‘the world’s first bill of rights’

http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/human-rights-a-straitjacket-on-liberty/15222#.U9UQiPk7um4

Posted By F. Sheikh

FATHER: A Mentor of Spirituality

                                     

                                            FATHER: A Mentor of Spirituality

                     “It is a wise father that knows his own child.” — Shakespeare

                                                O my father and my best friend.

                                           An understanding spirit and loyal soul,

                                         A heart of tenderness, a mind all wisdom,

                                           Knowing how justice and love to blend.

                                            A teacher, loving, patient, and kind,

                                               A rock of strength to lean upon,

                                                   In time of joy and in stress.

                                             You’re my father, you’re my friend!

                                                           (Anonymous)

 

When a father teaches his son, it sounds like being in the past. When a son teaches his father we have to believe that we are in the modern age. But spiritual mentoring has no past, present or future. It is timeless and is always as modern as it is old. Spiritual influence of fathers on their children—a silent but very important effect—has remained unexplained. Maybe the spirituality of mother, which naturally speaks through her unconditional love, is over-shadowing the tacit spiritual value of fatherhood. Whereas mothers continue to perform the majority of primary care-giving tasks, such as feeding, bathing, and comforting the children, fathers, on the other hand, tend to take part in supplementary activities. Fathers’ role matters less to their children’s survival but appears great in assisting their cognitive and spiritual development. As a result the quality of father’s involvement appears to matter more for children than the quantity. Father’s engagement in child-centered activities, such as helping with homework, playing together, or attending sports events and attending school plays, are a critical factor in spiritually getting connected with his children. The key is paying attention to what children are interested in and following their lead. Moreover this kind of involvement promotes cognitive development by stretching the children’s current level ability, building on what they know right now and expanding it. Such engagements help children develop not only logical reasoning but also spiritual bonding and problem-solving skills that translate into various situations in their life.

 

The infant needs mother’s unconditional love and care physiologically. The child after six, begins to need father’s love, his authority and guidance. Mother has the function of making him secure in life, father has the function of teaching him, guiding him to cope with those problems, with which the particular society the child has been born into, confronts him. Father’s spirituality is reflected through his love which is not unconditional like mother’s love. His love and spirituality is guided by principles and expectations; it is to be patient, tolerant, and disciplined. Fatherly conscience says: “You did wrong, you cannot avoid accepting certain consequences of your wrong doing, and most of all you must change your ways if I am to love or just like you.” It gives the growing child an increasing sense of competence and eventually permits the child to become his or her own authority. The mature offspring come to the point where they are their own fathers. In this endeavor, it is the unexpressed spirituality of a father to perform a role in nurturing his children as perfect and complete whole persons. Abrahamic religions profess that God chooses ordinary men for fatherhood to accomplish His extraordinary plan. Prophet Ibrahim is one of those men whom God had chosen as His prophet so that he will direct his children and his household after him to keep the way of the God by doing what is right and just. Here is a purposeful obligation from God to every father, the purpose Prophet Muhammad (pbh) further carried on to teach the fathers of his ummah by presenting his own actions and conveying it through his “Ahadith.”

 

Motherly love which is the essence of her spirituality, by its very nature is unconditional. She is the home from where her children come from; she is nature, soil, the ocean. Father does not represent any such natural home. He represents the other pole of human existence; the world of thought, of man-made things, of law and order, of discipline, of travel and adventure. Father is the one who teaches the child, who shows him the road into the world. Father’s spirituality and love is tied with conditions. Its principle is “I love you because you fulfill my expectations, because you do your duty, because you are like me.” In conditional fatherly love, as with unconditional motherly love, we find both a negative and a positive aspect. The negative aspect is the very fact that fatherly love has to be deserved, that it can be lost if one does not do what is expected. In the nature of fatherly love lies the fact that obedience becomes the main virtue, that disobedience is the main sin—and its punishment the withdrawal of fatherly love. Father’s spirituality represents what God’s love is for the humans. God rewards obedience, and punishes disobedience. Its positive side is, since father’s love is conditioned, a child has to do something to acquire it; he or she has to work for it. Thus we can say fatherly spirituality is not naturally transmitted to the children, rather by seeking guidance of their father, they have to earn or derive it. They have to prove that they qualify for their father’s love and spiritual connection.

 

Fatherhood is about helping children become happy and healthy adults, at ease in the world, and be prepared to become fathers or mothers in the future. We often say that doing what is best for our kids is the most important thing we do. Before the industrial revolution, fathers often worked side by side with their sons and instructed their children in spiritual values. When industrialization took over fathers left their farms and headed to the factories. Fourteen-to-sixteen hour workdays set the stage for the absentee father. Eventually, fathers came to be regarded as merely breadwinners who fulfilled their paternal duties by providing food, shelter and paying for their children’s school and college expenses. Whereas in the past the industrialization took over father’s spiritual connection with his children, today the “I-Net” is chipping away their need of fatherly guidance, distracting them away from the spiritual and loving bond of fatherhood. The internet mind is depriving the new generation of an important evolutionary factor of human beings “the brain maturation and spiritual connection.” Today’s mind is poised to exploit an essentially unlimited external memory. The borderless virtual space of Internet seems to help shrink the world and links together hundreds of millions of human beings together. But this face-to-face and mind-to-mind connections does not connect humans heart-to-heart. It does not connect a child with his father not only spiritually but also cognitively. Therefore, today, helper parent’s role is especially important for promoting children’s spiritual and intellectual growth.

 

Parental care and acceptance influences important aspects of personality. Children who are accepted by their parents with love and spiritual connections, helps them to be independent and emotionally stable, have strong self-esteem, and hold a positive worldview. Those who are neglected, feel they were rejected and thus show the opposite—hostility, feelings of inadequacy, instability and negative worldview. A father’s love and acceptance in this regard, is as important as a mother’s love and acceptance. In fact, in the development of the children and solving their problems, a father is more implicated than a mother. Empathy, that is sharing parent’s feelings with their children, to be in tune with them, and help them feel as humans who have a soul and a consciousness, is an important characteristic that our teenagers need to develop; and fathers seem to have a surprisingly important role here, too. It has been seen that children who have fond memories of their fathers are more able to handle the day-to-day stresses of adulthood. William Wordsworth who has famously said, “A child is the father of the man,” has also said “Heaven lies about us in our infancy!” It all depends upon a Father, “A Mentor of Spirituality” to help his children keep on embracing that heaven which lies about them in their infancy.

 

 MIRZA ASHRAF

06/14/2014

 

MOTHER: A Mirror of “Path to Spirituality” By Mirza Ashraf

MOTHER: A Mirror of “Path to Spirituality”

The heart of a Mother is most beautiful and the best.

It cannot be seen or even touchedit must be felt with heart.

(Ashraf)

God created the elements of: Attention, Beauty, Compassion, Devotion, Enthusiasm, Emotion, Forgiveness, Faith, Feeling, Generosity, Gratitude, Grace, Humility, Hope, Hospitality, Imagination, Joy, Kindness, Laughter, Love, Logic, Morality, Meaning, Nurturing, Openness, Piety, Peace, Patience, Quest, Reason, Reverence, Silence, Spirituality, Suffering, Teaching, Unity, Vision, Wonder, Yearning, Zeal, etc., mixed them all and formed the ‘Spirit of Motherhood.’ God then infused it in the Heart and Mind of a woman—the wife of man—the very moment she got conceived to become a Mother. Thus, the responsible life of a woman got realized in the sacred moment of her attaining the Motherhood. The Prophet of Islam (pbuh) pronounced that “Paradise lies under the feet of a Mother.”

Understanding of reason and logic through five-sensory personality originate in the mind. The higher order of understanding that is capable of meaningfully reflecting the soul comes from the heart. Discussing each of the element, mentioned above, embedded in the heart of a mother, needs a big-book size explanation. However, to explain some of them will help understand, how a mother is mirror to the path of spirituality. Reflecting upon the element of emotion, we all know that a mother is very intimate with her emotions, so far so that she is capable of perceiving the dynamics that lie behind them. Emotions reflect intentions and just like currents of energy, pass through every one of us. Awareness of these currents are the first step of learning ‘how our experiences come into being and why.’ Without an awareness of emotions, one is not able to experience Reverence. Because a mother is very intimate to emotions, Reverence becomes a way of her being.  The path to Reverence is through a mother’s heart, and an awareness of such feelings opens her heart. This higher order of logic and understanding of the multisensory personality of a mother reveals connectedness between the forty elements—and there are many more—mentioned in the beginning. It is the Reverence of a mother that the Prophet of Islam said three times, respect your mother, and after that said only one time, respect your father.

Throughout a person’s lifetime, starting from the first cry as a new born baby—the only cry that fills a mother’s heart with joy, the cry that opens her arms for the first embrace of her baby and mother’s spiritual love is transmitted to the heart and soul of the baby—to the last breath of his life, that person’s effort continues for spiritual growth and self-development. Life as a process of growth, from one stage to the next, is spiritual as well as physical. These stages may be described in many ways, but fundamentally they include: a foundation stage set by one’s mother when the knowledge of truth or the gift of salvation is first acquired; a growth stage where the person practices that truth, develops virtue, self-control, insight, and self-confidence; and finally the stage of maturity where the person realizes the fullness of perfection: the stage of oneness with his God as well as the humanity. A person may reach the final stage of perfection, even a stage where one may feel God’s presence directly, but for a mother that person is still like a newborn baby. More often in a mother’s person Divine presence manifests indirectly—as an opening of the heart, a burst of joy, an expansion of love, or feelings of deep compassion.

Spiritual maturity is an acceptance of life in relationship, first with mother, and then with the rest of humankind. Once a mother opens the door of relationship, it forms a spiritual web of one’s life with other peoples with the crucial strands of being family, friends, marriages, and partnerships. Our deepest values are expressed through the essential bond of relationship. The relationship established through marriage is a fundamental, the deepest, most mysterious, and most profound exploration open to humankind; it is plunging into one another’s Soul. The marriage of two persons is brutally intimate and closest one that it becomes a sacred adventure; an adventure that divinizes the woman when she becomes a mother. Just like God, a mother is embellished with an unconditional love for her offspring. A verse from a film song, “ay maan teri surat se alug bhagwan ki surat kaya ho gi,” beautifully portrays ‘what is a mother.’

Going to Mother’s Kitchen

Mother’s kitchen is a culinary alchemy,

a place where we cookactually

and spiritually. We come to it

for nourishment and serenity.

We come to it as to a center

the heart of the house,

the heart of dwelling.

In the kitchen we are one,

linked by hunger

actual hunger and spiritual hunger.

We go to MOTHER’s kitchen to be

nourished and revealed.

What a holy place is a MOTHER’s  kitchen!

(By: Gunhilla Norris)

Mirza Ashraf